Procedure
How to make Lemonade
Ingredients:
For each glass use:
- 2 tablespoons of lemon juice.
- 2 tablespoons of sugar.
- 1 glass of water.
Methods:
1. Slice a lemon in half and squeeze the juice into a cup.
2. Take out the seeds.
3. Pour two tablespoons of juice into glass.
4. Add sugar.
5. Add water and stir well.
6. Taste the lemonade. You may want to add more sugar or more lemon to make it taste just right.
7. Put it in ice cubes. A drop of red food coloring will make pink lemonade.
A CONE-SHAPED BASKET
Materials:
- Heavy paper
- Ribbon or string
- A plate
- A pencil
- Paste

Modals

Modals

Semua auxiliary verbs "kecuali be, do dan have" disebut modals. Tidak seperti auxiliary verbs lainnya, modals juga berfungsi sebagai kata kerja Bantu dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Perhatikan contoh-contoh Modals di bawah ini beserta fungsi dari Modals melalui contoh kalimat yang diberikan.

Can

• They can control their own budgets. (kemampuan/kemungkinan)
• Can I smoke here? (Minta Izin)
• Can you help me?  (Permintaan)

A vocabulary is commonly defined as "all the words known and used by a particular person".^[1] Unfortunately, this definition does not take into account a range of issues involved in knowing a word.

Productive and receptive

The first major distinction that must be made when evaluating word knowledge is whether the knowledge is productive (also called active) or receptive (also called passive) and even within those opposing categories, there is often times no clear distinction. Words that are generally understood when heard or read or seen constitute a person's receptive vocabulary. These words may range from well-known to barely known (see degree of knowledge below). In most cases, a person's receptive vocabulary is the larger of the two. For example, although a young child may not yet be able to speak, write, or sign, he or she may be able to follow simple commands and appear to understand a good portion of the language to which he or she is exposed. In this case, the child's receptive vocabulary is likely tens, if not hundreds of words but his or her active vocabulary is zero. When that child learns to speak or sign, however, the child's active vocabulary begins to increase. Productive vocabulary, therefore, generally refers to words which can be produced within an appropriate context and match the intended meaning of the speaker or signer. As with receptive vocabulary, however, there are many degrees at which a particular word may be considered part of an active vocabulary. Knowing how to pronounce, sign, or write a word does not necessarily mean that the word has been used correctly or accurately reflect the intended message of the utterance, but it does reflect a minimal amount of productive knowledge.

Modals

Modals

Semua auxiliary verbs "kecuali be, do dan have" disebut modals. Tidak seperti auxiliary verbs lainnya, modals juga berfungsi sebagai kata kerja Bantu dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Perhatikan contoh-contoh Modals di bawah ini beserta fungsi dari Modals melalui contoh kalimat yang diberikan.

Can

• They can control their own budgets. (kemampuan/kemungkinan)
• Can I smoke here? (Minta Izin)
• Can you help me?  (Permintaan)

pasive voice

Passive Voice
Kategori: Grammar - Dibaca: 1511 kali
Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku

Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.

Contoh:

Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955

Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)

Contoh:

Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif

Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

To be yang digunakan

Present : is, am, are
Past : was, were
Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
Future : be (setelah modals)
Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat

Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif

Jack sings a song (active)
A song is sung by Jack (Passive)

Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)

Jack has sung a song (active)
A song has been sung by Jack (passive)

Jack will sing a song (active)
A song will be sung by Jack (passive)

Jack is singing a song (active)
A song is being sung by Jack (passive)

Jack can sing a song (active)
A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive

1) Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

Help the poor (active)
Let the poor be helped (passive)

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time

Rumus:

It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III

It is time to send the letter (active)
It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

Don�t wait for me (active)
You are advised not to wait for me (passive)

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception

Rumus

Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III

(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)

This food tastes delicious (active)
This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.

We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements

I consider her very pretty (active)
She is considered very pretty (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objects

He gave me a book (active)
A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
I was given a book by him (passive 2)

8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs

The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence

Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.

We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need

This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
This wall needs painting.

passive

Passive sentences in the Simple Past - Exercise

Explanation: Passive

Rewrite the given sentences in Passive voice.

Example:
Frank built a house.
_____________________

Answer:
A house was built. or A house was built by Frank.

1) She bought four apples.
.
2) We won the match.
.
3) The man stole the blue car.
.
4) The police arrested the thieves.
.
5) Jack swam the 200 metres.
.
6) The dog bit the old lady.
.
7) Tom and Max ate five hamburgers.
.
8) Oliver taught the children.
.
9) Victoria rode the brown horse.
.
10) Grandmother told good stories.

.

BAHASA INGGRIS

PREFACE


Alhamdulillahi rabbil alamin, the writer express his gratitude tio the God almight that has guided and merced , so that the God could finish her writing in this makalah. Salawat and salam attended to the great prophet Muhammad SAW, it would not be possible to produce a work of this kind without assistance and guidance from many people. Therefore, the writer would like to express her sincere thanks to them particularly to the following individuals, they are :
Firstly, my beloved parents, who always give the financial, support,their love and pray for the writer and also my sister and my brothers who had given me support and for all my family.
Secondly, the writer said thank for all my friends about their support and suggesstion because their suggesstion will make perfect my makalah.
Finally, for all people who have given suggesstion and ideas. The writer should also express her thanks.

Kamanre, 18 January 2011
The writer










Table of content
Preface ………………………………………………...1
Table of content ……………………………………….2
Banner ………………………………………………….3
Poster……………………………………………………5
Pamphlet …………………………………………….. ...10
Bibliografy……………...………………………………12







Banner
A. Definition of Banner
A banner is a flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or other message. Banner-making is an ancient craft.The word derives from late Latin bandum, a cloth out of which a flag is made (Latin banderia, Italian bandiera), (Spanish bandera). A banner is a flag or pennant that signals something.
B. Function Of banner
They are often connected to a pole or rope such as signal flags on a ship which give conditions or status of the ship(s).. Some banners are used for advertising or names of colleges or universities
C. Example to Barner








Question
1. What show does the banner inform?
2. Who are the actors and the actresses of the show?
3. Where will it take place?
4. When will it be held?
5. What is the price of the ticket?

Poster
A. Definition Of poster
A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and convey information. Posters may be used for many purposes They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians and films), propagandists , protestors and other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork , particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork. Another type of poster is the educational poster, which may be about a particular subject for educational purposes.
B. Function of Poster
The main function of a poster is to capture a moving audience with a message. When designing a poster, plan its design carefully. You will have a short amount of time to attract and hold your readers attention. Think about the one aspect of the information that must convey the message and plan your design around that.
C. Example
A poster should:
• Have type large enough to be viewed to 10-15 times your format width.
• Have a simple and clear layout so your reader knows where to find the information.
• Include all important information such as date, time, location, contact name and telephone number.
• Have a dominate elements such as a headline or image that will quickly catch your reader's eye.
• Have the most important message emphasized by size, color, or value.
• . Have art that is related to the message.
• . Have the type and imagery arranged in a logical, functional sequence.
• Have bold, intense colors to enhance your message so that it can be easily seen from a distance.




D. Question


1. What Do you see in the poster ?
2. What does the poster try to say?
3. Whatdoes the picture in the poster try to show or say?
4. What is the meaning of the message in the poster?
5. What does “watch your step “ mean?

























Pamphlet
A. Definiton of Pamphlet
A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet), or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a simple book. In order to count as a pamphlet, UNESCO requires a publication (other than a periodical) to have "at least 5 but not more than 48 pages exclusive of the cover pages";[1] a longer item is a book.
B. Function Of Pamphlet
Pamphlets can contain anything from information on kitchen appliances to medical information and religious treatises. Pamphlets are very important in marketing as they are cheap to produce and can be distributed easily to customers. Pamphlets have also long been an important tool of political protest and political campaigning for similar reasons.

C. Example



D.
E.
F.
G.
H. Question





1. What show does the pamphlet display?
2. Who are the actors and the actresses?
3. When will the show be held?
4. Where will the show be held?
5. What is the pamphlet intended for?